Thursday, June 4, 2009
Ty's exam essay
Mr. Salsich
English 02
June 4, 2009
Diversity Among People:
An Essay on How Two Characters are Related to a Poem
People are different in the world. There are different races, different personalities, different nationalities, and different languages. Not all people are the same. We learn to accept the differences of the people around us.
In the story, “Sonny’s Blues”, Sonny relates to the poem “Yes” in his own way. Sonny was a man who had no control over himself and was always in despair (FAST) through drugs. Sonny was a colored adult who had complications and could only relieve himself through music. He plays the piano like he was born to play. In the poem “Yes”, William Stafford talks of how sudden things can happen at any time. He talks about the disasters such as Armageddon and earthquakes. He talks of how it can happen at any time; during the day, at night, even right now. Sonny can be changed, like the environment when a disaster strikes. As soon as Sonny puts his fragile fingers on the keys of a piano, he changes inside his inner soul. He plays his problems on the piano and everyone can hear them and understand them. Overall, Sonny changes quickly and can let loose a tempest when he plays his piano.
Similar to Sonny, Dexter Green in Winter Dreams relates to a different poem named “The Real Work” by Wendell Berry. Dexter was just a young golfer who met a girl named Judy Jones, who he liked and became close with her. She later left him because she fell in love with another man. Dexter later wishes that he could have been more loving of her, so that they could have stayed as a couple. Similarly, Berry states in his poem that only the working people get the rewards of working hard. If someone’s mind is not filled with questions, then you are not performing at your minimum. The only people that are hard working people, are the ones that have swarms of questions in their thoughts. Dexter has many questions during his life that remain with him for many years without leaving his thoughts. Most of these thoughts are about Judy and why she left him. He is paralyzed by so many thoughts and ponders them for hours on end. Dexter is a complex character who has many difficulties in his life, but is able to calm himself.
People, fictional and real are all different. Everyone has their changing periods and change differently. Dexter and Sonny are similar in more ways than they are different. No person is the same as anyone else.
Tristan's Exam
Tristan Yerkes
Mr. Salsich
English 02
4th June, 2009
The Last Trickle:
An Essay on Emotion and Art
The most emotional profession there is is art. Art requires pent-up emotion to be let out in a medium. The poem The Real Work by Wendell Berry conveys the same thoughts about art and emotion. Both Sonny from “Sonny's Blues” and the poet, Emily Dickinson relate to The Real Work.
TS: Sonny held in his own emotion, bottled it up, and let it out through his blues. SD: Sonny first held in his emotions, creating a dam of feelings ready to be let loose. CM: He held them back, using drugs, alcohol, and a reclusive attitude, as his brother said, “I suddenly had the feeling that I didn't know him at all.” CM: Sonny came to his “real journey” his “real work” when he had to funnel his emotions into song at the end of the story. SD: Sonny then let his emotions flow through and transform into the beautiful music he played. CM: At the end, he played this beautiful music, he was “the impeded stream, […] the one that sings.” CM: He used this emotional music to help his brother understand him and help Sonny understand himself. CS: This music was a real work of art, the physical embodiment of Sonny's emotion, what he once controlled, controlling him.
TS: Emily Dickinson also held in her emotions, in a less destructive way than Sonny. SD: Emily Dickinson, living in total isolation for most of her life, had no outlet for her emotions other than art. CM: Dickinson barely ever left her home and almost never had any visitors, which kept her from letting loose any emotion. CM: Berry says, “The mind that is not baffled is employed” which shows that since Dickinson was not baffled by other people, she was employed in writing her emotional poetry. SD: Dickinson's impeded stream trickled through to do the real work of poetry writing. CM: Because Dickinson's emotions were so strong and different, her writing was strong and different, containing random marks and capitalization for emphasis. CM: Dickinson says things like, “I'm nobody” and then proceeds to talk about how good it is to be nobody, giving the same sort of isolated mood as her life had. CS: Dickinson's poems, emotionally charged and powerful, conveyed the “real work” of emotional flow described by Mr. Berry.
The poem The Real Work talks about the very powerful real work of emotional art, and these two very different people both do this very similar work. Both sonny and Dickinson funneled their emotions into their artwork, and in so doing, enhanced it beyond belief. They were employed in the most emotional profession of art, their impeded streams singing.
KEY:
FAST WORD
CHIASMUS
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
APPOSITIVE
TRICOLON
HYPERBOLE
Final Exam Essay
Professor H. Salsich
English 9
6-4-09
Emotional Guidance:
Final Exam Essay
The poem “The Real Work” by Wendell Berry explains that once people relinquish (FAST) their control on life they start their “real journey.” People often give control to their emotions and are led by them all the time. They let how their feeling influence the decisions they make. These decisions make up the different chapters of our lives, and since we each make different decisions, we each have a unique life. Some people try to keep in control of their emotions all the time and try to live life by a schedule. However, it is only when you free yourself of plans and let fate take you where it will when you start on your “real journey.”
Laura, a young girl from the story “The Garden Party” by Katherine Mansfield, is an example of how someone “no longer [knows] which way to go.” (Appositive) Laura was someone who very much liked to be in control. She even was the supervisor for where to put a Marquee for her mother’s garden party. She enjoyed the feeling that everything was going as planned and if something went wrong she would be able to fix it. However, once she heard that a man had died just outside her house she didn’t know what to do. She forgot all about the garden party and focused on the dead man. Her emotions of sympathy for the family of the man caused her to try to stop the garden party, afraid it would offend the family. If Laura was her usual composed self she would never have even thought of stopping the party, but since she was being led by her emotions she made decisions she wouldn’t have usually made. As soon as she let her emotions lead her is when she started on her “real journey.”
Another fictional character, Dexter Green, from “Winter Dreams” by F. Scott Fitzgerald, was also someone who lost control of his emotions. He loved a woman in the story by the name of Judy Jones. She was wild, and interesting, and beautiful, and always exciting (Polysyndeton/Parallelism). He, in fact, never had a dull moment while he was with her. The negative part about Judy, however, was that she was so wild that Dexter had no control over her. She frequently saw other men, which caused Dexter to be devastated and was the foundation his emotions needed to influence him. Since Dexter had no control over the situation with Judy it caused his emotions to be all the more potent (FAST). He “no longer [knew] which way to go” with Judy, which led to the start of his life’s “real journey.”
If people didn’t show their emotions life would be very bland. Everyone would be an emotionless mask and there would be no excitement. Emotions give drama, exude (FAST) excitement, and share meaning to life (3 Action Sentence). We all make decisions based on what we feel is right or wrong and that makes each of our lives inimitable (FAST). Emotions rule who we are and how we live. If you simply live your life by your emotions then you are truly “the [. . .] stream [. . .] that sings.”
Key
Fast Words-(FAST)
Special Terms-Bold
Tuesday, May 26, 2009
Tristan's Essay
Tristan Yerkes
Mr. Salsich
English 02
26th May 2009
Memory Lane:
A Last Essay on the Powers of Memory
There are places I remember, I come back to, and float through, for a second becoming the smiling toddler that no one talked to. Magical places, everyone shares as time capsules of wound up memory, ready to tumble loose into the unwary mind. For William Wordsworth, these old feelings, along with new ones are discovered upon return to Tintern Abbey just as they would be if I were to return to Pine Point in the future.
In “Tintern Abbey”, Wordsworth describes how he relives all of the feelings he had in his youth and how he discovers new ones. Wordsworth may not have been in his youth anymore, “five long years” may have passed, but he still felt and saw the same things he felt and saw five years ago. Wordsworth has “thoughts of more deep seclusion” than he had when he was last at Tintern Abbey. These feelings are brought back up from Wordsworth's well of emotion and the revisit to Tintern Abbey is just a catalyst in the equation. Wordsworth also discovers new emotion on his revisit to Tintern Abbey, new things within himself. When Wordsworth says, “here I stand […] with the sense /..
of present pleasure” he refers to his current emotion, and how he feels upon his revisit. This shows that Wordsworth, while reliving his old emotions, has sub-emotions brewing that are more current. The complexity of the emotions displayed in “Tintern Abbey” are so severe, that the birth of such a poem is almost expected.
These ideas Wordsworth experiences upon re-visitation of Tintern Abbey, would also apply to my re-visitation of Pine Point in the future. I would relive my old feelings while roaming the old halls. I would observe the classrooms, and remember the stressful feelings, the anger, the pressure felt in years past, just like the feelings of joy Wordsworth relives when he walks near Tintern Abbey. I would roam past the rock climbing wall, remembering all of the hours spent thinking of clever announcements. As I drink in my old school, I would also be feeling new things and thinking new thoughts. As I look into small classroom windows, I may realize things I haven't before, like Wordsworth saw new sights in the old sights of Tintern Abbey. I would wonder how my memory lived: Did the school I remembered end up remembering me? The memories Wordsworth had of Tintern Abbey were not the same as those I would have of Pine Point, but they retain the structure of new and old thoughts.
Many old dusty vaults of thought can be unlocked by returning to old places. Just as much, shining, new, beautiful thoughts can be created when one is returned to old places. This happens in both my fictional return to Pine Point, and Wordsworth's very real return to Tintern Abbey. In both, these thoughts are celebrated.
Key:
Fast Word
Tricolon
Loose Sentence
Chiasmus
Kyle's Final Essay
Professor H. Salsich
English 9
5-27-09
An Essay on Influence and its impact
TS: In the poem “Tintern Abbey” by William Wordsworth a main theme I see is in fact Influence. SD: The abbey influenced Wordsworth’s life very deeply when he visited it. CM: He often rushed to his memories of the abbey when he felt overwhelmed with the chaos of the world. CM: The line “these beauteous forms [. . .] in lonely rooms, and ‘mid the din / [. . .] of towns and cities [. . .] I have owed” explains how he used his memories of the abbey as a relief. SD: The influence of the abbey had stayed with Wordsworth ever since he left it. CM: In the line “thou art with me here upon the banks / [. . .] of this fair river” Wordsworth is saying that on the “banks” of the “fair river” called life Tintern Abbey is with him, he has never forgotten it. CM: It had become one of the most influential places he had ever been to. SD: The abbey had captivated him in a strange way. CM: It did not give him an inspiring speech or do things in a courageous way. CM: Instead the abbey entranced him with its sheer beauty and seclusion from the world. CS: Influence is a theme we see in countless books, movies, plays, and historic moments, yet somehow it never produces a dull story.
TS: Pine Point has influenced my morals and values and has left an everlasting impression on me. SD: Pine Point has taught me things that I will use for the rest of my life. CM: Not only has it taught me how to say the magic words, but I’ve also learned how to interact with people, how to treat people like they want to be treated, how to truly be a part of a community that gives back (Parallelism). CM: Pine Point has taught me things that I need so that I can achieve my goals and enjoy my life. SD: Pine Point has also supported me throughout some of my toughest times yet. CM: The parents and students of Pine Point have given me their hospitality and kindness and showed me that “on the banks of this delightful stream / [. . .] we [stand] together.” CM: The friends I have made at Pine Point have especially supported me during my fifteen years of living by using what Pine Point has taught them to be good friends. SD: If I came back to visit Pine Point after five years it would be like coming back to one of the few safe havens in the world. CM: In five years I would have experienced many disappointing things that life has to offer and coming back to Pine Point would simply make me forget all about them. CM: I would instantly call back memories of friends laughing in the halls, teachers lecturing me about juvenile things, and even homework that I had to do. CS: Going back to such an influential place in my life could only hold the purest form of amazement for me.
TS: In the poem "The Writer" by Richard Wilbur influence is also a theme. SD: A bird is used as a metaphor to show the connection between a girl and why her father is wishing her good luck. CM: The bird is described as "clearing the sill of the world", which refers to the girl clearing her own "sill" out into the world. CM: In a way the bird influences the reader's mind so that they can make the connection to what the father means when he says "I wish her a lucky passage". SD: The bird is an essential piece in this poem's puzzle even though it seems like an insignificant add on. CM: Without the bird there would be no connection between the girl leaving and her father wishing her a "lucky passage." CM: With the bird the reader can more easily make the connection between the girl leaving her father and the father wishing her good luck on her way. CS: Some of the smallest things can carry a meaning bigger than themselves.
Influence has been used by some of the most diabolical minds in history including Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, and Osama Bin Laden (Tetracolon). However, it has also been used by some of the most influential like Gandhi, the Dalai Lama, and even Barack Obama. No matter how it’s used the power of influence is unarguably very strong. The power to use influence after all, is the power to control minds.
Self Assessment
1.) Issues that I've always had and are continuing to have is using correct punctuation whether its a simple comma error or forgetting the rules of independent clauses.
2.) I like that my essay seems to relate to the overall topic of influence through the entire thing.
3.) One of the weaknesses I see is that I didn't really pick challenging exam meterial to use in mmy essay.
Ty's FINAL essay
Thursday, May 14, 2009
Ty's essay
Mr. Salsich
English 02
May 13, 2009
The Stones of Time:
An Essay on a Garden Stone, Two Poems, and My Life
(1) What if transformation happened every day? (2) Believe it or not, transformation is always happening. (3) All objects are undergoing mutations and transformations every minute. (4)Everything we see is undergoing a transformation.
TS The garden stone is very similar to the poems written by the German Poet, Rainer Maria Rilke. SD The garden stone is a stone that is weak on its own, but undergoes a transformation. CM Alone, the stone is just a slab of rock in a crazy shape. CM However, when placed in a stone walkway, it becomes part of something beautiful. SD Also, the garden stone has the smoothness and has left history of who stepped there like how like Rilke describes in one of his poems. CM He says, “but the courageous morning melody that hovers and shimmers behind their fading steps” and that seeing, leaves a record in your mind of what you saw and what it did. CM The garden stone keeps the dirt and the weight that was beared (FAST) upon it. CS Everything in life leaves behind a footprint; figurative, or literal, and that footprint is always remembered by every speck of dirt and every inanimate object that that object has left upon the stone.
TS The stone is very similar to my life in one, very specific way; I have transformed as the stone can. SD Like the stone, I was once an individual that was separate from the rest. CM Five years ago, I was a separate unit, alone, helpless, vague. CM The stone is similar because it was new to its environment and was lost. SD Now, in the present time, the stone and I, have changed. CM The stone is now part of an elegant garden and serves as a piece of one walkway. CM This year, we have all become closer as one and I am now part of that walkway making its way from point A to point B. CS All objects, living, and inanimate, can change drastically over a short period of time.
TS Similarly, In both of his poems, Rilke makes many interesting points and ideas. SD One that stuck out to me, is transformation. CM In his first poem he states, "… life is transformation: all that is good is transformation and all that is bad as well" and he means that every event is a change in someone's life. CM Changes always affect someone spiritually and may change the way they think. SD I also like the statement he makes in the second poem. CM He says, "out of whose depths their dearest secrets speak" He seems to be telling that within everything, is a secret that was kept away for a long time. CM After a long time, that those secrets are revealed to all around it. CS Strange how all of life's mysteries revolve around the simplest actions.
(1) We see transformation. (2) We reveal secrets. (3) All happen sometime in our lifetime. (4) We have no power to alter it because only ourselvees can control the transformation, and transfromation is the most powerful
Wednesday, May 13, 2009
Kyle's Essay
Professor H.Salsich
English 9
19 May 2009
One always uncovers the mysteries that lay within themselves as they continue their journey in life. As we continue to evolve as a people we continue to find things that suggest how we once were and things that help us discover how we have changed. We will continue to let go of things, gain new things, and in turn change as all life does.
TS: Often overlooked and forgotten about, stones are some of the most boring yet interesting things on this planet (Appositive Opener). SD: The garden stoneis no doubt a solid object. CM: You can clearly feel the rough texture and feel the sheer hardness of it. CM: As in all solid objects a stone is easily picked up, which reminds me of when Rilke writes “so ready to grasp” this supports the idea of how easy some things are to take and are done whatever with. SD: Another example is that a stone is often a symbol for being strong, robust (FAST), or unmovable. CM: When I read “strong and sturdy” in Rilke’s passage I instantly thought of a stone. CM: A stone is one of the simplest symbols of something “strong and sturdy” so it was an easy connection to make. SD: Another thing is that stones can be very old, lying dormant in the ground for thousands of years and even encase things inside them. CM: When Rilke writes “out of whose depths their secrets speak” it reminds me about how a stone or a fossil can be uncovered that is millions of years old and can tell you secrets about what happened in the past. CM: The thought that something so ordinary can basically uncover the unknown in astonishing. CS: Stones are truly some peculiar things, looking ordinary on the outside, but holding untold treasures on the inside (Participle Closer).
TS: I have found fossils inside myself that show me what kind of person I truly have become. SD: I discovered that if I really work hard for the things I want then I can get them. CM: This year I’ve really tried to stay on top of my grades and so far it has been one of my best years academically. CM: You can take the hard way and work for something, or you can take the easy way and do nothing for nothing in return. (Antithesis?) SD: I have also noticed that I have changed since I was in Kindergarten, no doubt thanks to Pine Point. CM: I came to this school only interacting with the family that was already here and closing myself off from everyone else. CM: Now in ninth grade I am more outgoing and its easier to interact with people than it was ten years ago. SD: I have also noticed that all of my closest friends have the same things in common; loyalty, kindness, a sense of humor, and a genuine character (Tetracolon). CM: I’ve never specifically picked who my friends are, but rather called the people that I’ve gotten the most contiguous (FAST) to or are the most comfortable with friends. CM: Never have I noticed that they all had the same qualities in common until I started thinking about next year without some of them. CS: All of these “fossils” I’ve recently dug up have shown me the “secrets” within the “depths” of myself.
TS: Such as their are different fossils holding different organisms I found different lines held different meanings in this passage. SD: The line “If God had only made our hands to be like our eyes - so ready to grasp, so willing to relinquish all things” means that our eyes can let go of things so much easier than our hands. CM: When our eyes gaze upon something they, in a sense, hold it and whenever they close they instantly let go of it. CM: However, when our hands close they only grasp tighter around what it was they were holding. SD: “Property is poverty and fear” because when you hold something dear to you, you “fear” to lose it and once it is lost you feel like your in a state of “poverty.” CM: Poverty is not only lack of money, but can be a lack of anything so its understandable to feel like your in poverty when you’ve lost something important to you. CM: You can only be free of “poverty” and “fear” if you let go of things willingly; that way when you don’t have anything, you have nothing to lose. SD: The final line that drew my attention was "Once out of our hands, however, things ought to move forward, now sturdy and strong, and we should keep nothing of them but the courageous morning melody that hovers and shimmers behind their fading steps." CM: This line explains that once we let go of things they aren't just forgotten, but instead they move forward. CM: A great and apt example of this is the dreaded departing of Pine Point, which so many of us fear, but once we leave, Pine Point will continue to prosper in real life and in our minds.
Rocks and fossils share a similarity to what kind of person you truly are. Rocks and fossils hold some of the things that are truly unique to the earth as your own quirks do for you. Our personality is what makes up who we are and what we stand for, don't ever forget it.
Tristan's Essay!
Tristan Yerkes
Mr. Salsich
English 02
13 May, 2009
The Middle Way:
An Essay Discussing Possession
If you hold a peach too firmly, it will be smashed; this is an idea represented by a passage by Rainer Maria Rilke, a garden stone, and my personal beliefs. Detachment can not only save the possessor, but it can also strengthen the possession.
The second passage by Mr. Rilke shows how one must embody the concept of detachment. Rilke shows how we must always let go of, or be able to let go of our worldly possessions. When Rilke says, “We do not acquire wealth by letting something remain [...] in our hands” he means that everything means much more when we let go of it. Mr. Rilke displays this concept of parting with what we own as a sort of way for us to experience the things we let go without letting them take us over. Rilke also shows how our infatuation with possessions can be our downfall. Being human, we all have trouble letting go of our paraphernalia can be very hard, but Rilke says that if we do, we will live our life to the fullest. When Rilke says, “Our hands ought not to be a coffin for us but a bed” he is suggesting that our hands, symbolism for our possession, should not cling, and be our death or coffin, but feel things, and be a bed. Rilke's thoughts really show that we own our possessions, but our possessions can own us.
A garden stone and this Rilke passage both relate, being about letting things go. The garden stone must let beautiful things pass by it, and not hold onto anything, just as the Rilke passage says. Every day, people and animals step on the stone, acknowledge it, use it, impart some of themselves upon it, and then leave it. The stone is “letting everything pass through [its] grasp” so that it may have “carefree ownership” of the beautiful things in life. If a garden stone cannot be easily stepped onto and off of, it does not do its job, and is replaced. Rilke says that “Once out of our hands, however, things ought to move forward, now sturdy and strong” it's the garden stone's job to make sure the things that step onto it make it on, and if it doesn't, this becomes its failure, its downfall, its “coffin”. The garden stone must hold its role, let things pass by, enhance them, and do its job flawlessly or else suffer repercussions. The Rilke passage is suggesting that we must all lay like the garden stone, and serve as a helper to others, bringing them into our grasp, and letting them pass through, stronger.
Rilke's passage says that garden stone must make things stronger, and my belief is that this holds true for people as well. Many people in our world hold personal possessions, comfort, and gain close to themselves, people should not fritter away their comforts all to themselves. In the Rilke passage, Rilke says, “We do not acquire wealth by letting something remain and wilt in our hands” this shows that we should not hold on to things for too long. If people hold on to things long enough, they start to ruin those things. If people learn to let things go, they can, in a way, own the things. When we hold things too closely, we aren't able to see them from far away, and cease to recognize their beauty. By not owning these things, we own them. My beliefs are quite similar if not the same to Rilke's, we agree about ownership, we agree about greed, and we agree about possession.
The many faces of greed all come down to the one fact: whether you're crushing a peach, or not letting things walk over you, holding onto possessions is not the right way. This does not mean that people should all go out and give away all of their money, this simply suggests that nowadays the human race as a whole tends to hold material goods too closely. We should all find a middle way in life.
KEY:
Fast Words
Participial Phrase (opener)
Participial Phrase (closer)
Tetracolon Climax
Antithesis
Chiasmus
Tricolon
Parallelism
Loose Sentence
In my writing, I am working on fixing my careless errors, and managing my time.
I think for this essay, I did very well with the special tools, and I think that I especially utilized all forms of parallelism.
I think I could have worked on my transitions, and my introductory paragraph. Oh, and one thing I worked out was finding out what the self-assessment was finally.
I would give myself an A, and I think this was my best essay all year
Wednesday, May 6, 2009
Ty's essay
Mr Hamilton Salsich
English 02
May 4, 2009
Goodbye:
An Essay on How Two Poems Relate to My Life
What is the action of separating and saying goodbye? Separation is a natural cycle that takes place for everyone. We all have to say goodbye to someone during one part of our life. Everyone meets someone new, and they soon have to say goodbye for a short time, or maybe forever
In the poem by Emily Dickinson, she describes parting as a separation from everyone and everything around you. In the first stanza, she says, “If immortality unveil /A third event to me.” This says that she has seen too much of being partitioned with family members and other beings she loved. She seems to have written this stanza with sorrow as if she has lost many dear to her life. Similarly, in the second stanza, she says, “Parting is all we know of Heaven, / And all we need of hell.” Here, she says that when you die, wherever you go, you will have parted from the entire world. She says that where you go after you pass away does not matter, because you will have parted from all that you have had and all that you have left behind. Overall, her poem seems to have been made out of the tears that she has shed from the years before.
In the poem by Naomi Shihab Nye, she expresses parting as a good thing and that it should also be something to be wary of. In the poem “Adios”, she says that you should get to know the word “goodbye” and to bond with it. In the first stanza, she says, “Use it. Learn where it begins, / the small alphabet of departure” and she says that you should know it inside and out. Similarly, she says near the end of the poem, “Think of things that disappear. / Think of what you love best, / what brings tears to your eyes.” She means that you should remember everyone that you love and know that at any instance, they can disappear. You may see someone you love before you go to school, but after school, you come home to find them to have disappeared from your life. Together, being something good, and something that should not be tampered with can run its natural course without you.
At the end of my career at Pine Point, I and many others will be parting from each other. “We were part of something special” is a quote from my speech and I believe it to be true. As the class of 2009, we have shared a bond that has lasted years. We were inseparable for the time we have been together. Now, we are nearing the end of the year as ninth graders and we have cherished the memories that we have had through the years. From random events of joy, to times where we have had tears of sorrow, we enjoyed every moment. We shared it all and we went through it all together. Now, it is May and we are nearing the final weeks of being together as a class. There are many times where we wish to have gone back in time to relive those moments and to save time so that we can stay together. We can still save time by spending as much of the time we have left enjoying ourselves and sharing with friends. We can still IM and Facebook each other, but we will never feel the same.
Parting is everyone’s worst fear and greatest enemy. However, without separation, there would be no reason to truly love someone. Everyone would exist in unity, but without true loving and care for all people. For anyone to get the biggest benefit before being severed from those you love, you and all others need to live together, and live out loud.